Rivers of Blood 50 years on
50 years ago today, on 20th April 1968, Enoch Powell delivered a speech at a Conservative Association meeting in Birmingham criticising the then-Labour government's' proposed Race Relations Bill. With charged rhetoric and a strong anti-immigration stance, it became better known as the ‘Rivers of Blood' speech.
The resource Popular Culture in Britain and America, 1950-1975 includes a fascinating collection from the Prime Minister's Office which contains a document collating a full transcript of the speech, press releases and correspondence with Prime Minister Harold Wilson regarding both the public and legislative reaction in the year following its delivery (PREM 13/2315 Events Following Speech by Enoch Powell MP on Race Relations and Immigration).
Among euphemisms such as "preventable evils" and other uncannily familiar anti-establishment, populist sentiment ("What he is saying, thousands and hundreds of thousands are saying and thinking"), examination of the transcript reveals that the speech doesn't contain the phrase 'rivers of blood,' rather this specific reference to the Aeneid: "As I look ahead, I am filled with foreboding; like the Roman, I seem to see 'the River Tiber foaming with much blood'." Powell cites a lack of hospital beds and school places for children as the result of immigration, describing the existing Race Relations legislation as "legal weapons which the ignorant and the ill-informed have provided".
Following Powell's dismissal from the shadow cabinet, these papers also record the Attorney General's considerations over whether to prosecute the MP for inciting racial hatred, and reports of dock workers and immigration officers striking in support of Powell.
Provoking a huge reaction at the time, the speech continues to be referenced in the media relative to stories of immigration policy change and tightening regulations in the aftermath of the Brexit vote. And with the unfolding story of the treatment of Windrush-era arrivals facing deportation in recent weeks, many of its comments regarding Commonwealth immigration have a stark reflection in current dialogue.
Popular Culture in Britain and America, 1950-1975 is available now. For more information, including free trial access and price enquiries, please email us at info@amdigital.co.uk.
Recent posts
The Indian film industry is the largest in the world by film output and not far behind in terms of revenue. This blog dives into Hindi cinema's cultural resonance, showcasing interviews and on-set footage with key figures in the industry from Hindi Cinema: Histories of Film-making.
Step into the vibrant tapestry of the 1980s, where anti-nuclear protests, political upheavals, and iconic figures like Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan mingled with the neon glow of shoulder pads, arcade games, and synthesizers.